Background: Exposure to cadmium is becoming a serious concern due to its mediation in the aetiology of several disease conditions as well as its role in exacerbating mild to moderate illnesses. Cadmium binds with methalothionine to induce cellular oxidative stress. Aim: The present study is aimed at evaluating the cytoprotective effects of watermelon seed oil on cadmium-induced cerebellar toxicity in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty-five healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of five animals in each group. Group 1 received 2 ml/kg distilled water, Group 2 received 5 mg/kg Cadmium chloride (CdCl2), Group 3 received 250 mg/kg Citrulus lanatus seed oil (CLSO) + 5 mg/kg CdCl2, Group 4 received 500 mg/kg CLSO + 5 mg/kg CdCl2, Group 5 received 10 mg/kg Succimer + 5 gm/kg body weight of CdCl2 for the period of 28 days. All administrations were carried out through oral intubation.

08-18

Trace elements are an example of the dictum that “smallest of thing can impact human health”. Trace elements or trace minerals have impact on human health when their amount is below or above certain thresholds. These trace elements can be categorized as essential trace elements and non-essential trace elements. The essential trace elements are required in very small amounts (micrograms/ milligrams). Examples include iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine etc. Non-essential trace elements are not required by living entities such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic etc. The essential trace minerals or trace elements, despite their small quantity, are essential for various physiological functions and overall health.

19-131

Only in the last two decades have new genetic clues shed light on the mystery of biological time. The availability of molecular clock genes has allowed for an unprecedented level of understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in the circadian rhythm. The experimental disassembly of the clock reveals an inseparable relationship between energetics and timing. There are several aspects of circadian clocks that remain a mystery, including: 1. their relationship to metabolic homeostasis in the brain and peripheral tissues, 2. the energetics of sleep disruption and circadian rhythms, 3. the relationship between nutritional status and circadian homeostasis, and 4. the effects of circadian clock systems on human physiology.

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Human biology is extremely complex. It is in fact a real reflection of vast Cosmic Mind`s creation. Every bodily system is running cyclically and orderly like a systemic bodily clock. This biological clock is the human circadian system which has a period of 24 hours. Recent studies on circadian rhythm and on the consequences of its disruption- “Chrono-disruption” have been expanded to a great extent. Modern life-style and environmental factors can disrupt the circadian system of the body and may lead to adverse effects on individual`s health. Furthermore, complex reciprocal relationship between metabolism and the circadian system of the body have been demonstrated. Current research evidences also provide the impact of the interaction between the circadian system and nutrition and the way this link can influence the epigenome and microbiome. Based on this whole concept, it is possible to develop nutritional strategies to manage circadian-aligned feeding that is what and when to eat in order to reduce the prevalence and burden of chronic diseases.

147-152

Lithium, a monovalent cation, has long been recognized as a cornerstone in psychiatric treatment, particularly for mood disorders. Its role in stabilizing mood in bipolar disorder and reducing the risk of suicide is well-documented. Lithium's therapeutic effects are attributed to its ability to modulate several biological processes, including neurotransmitter regulation, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity. It influences key pathways, such as glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibition, calcium signalling, and the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Furthermore, lithium has shown potential in mitigating cognitive decline and promoting neurogenesis, making it a candidate for broader applications in psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions. Despite its efficacy, lithium use is limited by its narrow therapeutic index and potential side effects, necessitating careful monitoring. This article reviews the pharmacological mechanisms, clinical applications, and challenges associated with lithium in psychiatry, emphasizing its enduring significance in mental health management.

153-157

: Zinc, an essential trace element, plays a critical role in various physiological and biochemical processes, including brain function and mental health. Emerging evidence highlights zinc's involvement in the modulation of neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity, which are vital for emotional and cognitive stability. This article explores the multifaceted role of zinc in psychiatry, focusing on its association with major psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Zinc deficiency has been linked to increased vulnerability to these conditions, while supplementation has shown promise as an adjunctive treatment in certain cases. The potential mechanisms include the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, anti-inflammatory effects, and the modulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways. Despite its therapeutic potential, further research is needed to establish standardized protocols for zinc supplementation and to better understand its interplay with other micronutrients and psychotropic medications. This review underscores the importance of integrating nutritional psychiatry into holistic mental health care strategies.

157-159

Emerging concept of chrono-nutrition proposes that meal timing per se could affect the circadian clock system or circadian rhythm and disruption of biological rhythm can negatively influence timing and food selection. Furthermore, research has come up with some suggestions that mealtime, energy distribution, nocturnal eating and frequency of food ingestion may affect nutrient metabolism which are associated with various metabolic diseases. Taking meal as per the biological circadian system invariably affect the human physiology and the long-term health.

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